Services on Demand
Article
Indicators
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
Share
Verbum et Ecclesia
On-line version ISSN 2074-7705
Print version ISSN 1609-9982
Verbum Eccles. (Online) vol.30 n.2 Pretoria 2009
http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v30i2.209
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
'I am writing this with my own hand...': Writing in New Testament times
Pieter J.J. Botha
Department of New Testament and Early Christian Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa
ABSTRACT
When the New Testament and early Christian writings are considered as situated, culturally mediated and historically functional events, the pitfall of a binary contrast between literacy and orality should be avoided. Focus should be on the physical and experiential aspects of ancient writing. Discussions of posture, education, cost and the amount of time involved in physical writing in Greco-Roman times are concluded by an analysis of the disposition of subservience that surrounded writing.
Keywords: writing; New Testament; literacy; orality; authorship
Full text available only in PDF format.
References
Bagnall, R.S., 1995, Reading papyri, writing ancient history, Routledge, London. [ Links ]
Bahr, G.J., 1966, 'Paul and letter writing in the first century', Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28, 465-477. [ Links ]
Barton, D., 1991, 'The social nature of writing', in D. Barton & R. Ivanic (eds.), Writing in the community, pp. 1-13, SAGE, London. [ Links ]
Bloomer, W.M., 1997, 'Schooling in persona: Imagination and subordination in Roman education', Classical Antiquity 16(1), 57-78. [ Links ]
Booth, A.D., 1979, 'The schooling of slaves in first-century Rome', Transactions of the American Philological Association 109, 11-19. [ Links ]
Botha, P. J.J., 2005, 'New Testament texts in the context of reading practices of the Roman Period: The role of memory and performance', Scriptura 90, 621-640. [ Links ]
Botha, P.J.J., 2009, 'Authorship in historical perspective and its bearing on New Testament and early Christian texts and contexts', Scriptura 101, 1-25. [ Links ]
Bradley, K.R., 1994, Slavery and society at Rome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Brown, J.S., Brown, T.L., Carr, T.H. & McDonald, J.L., 1988, 'Adapting to processing demands in discourse production: the case of handwriting', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14(1), 45-59. [ Links ]
Cerný, J., 1952, Paper and books in ancient Egypt, London, University College (H.K. Lewis). [ Links ]
Cook, C., Burgess-Limerick, R. & Papalia, S., 2004, 'The effect of upper extremity support on upper extremity posture and muscle activity during keyboard use', Applied Ergonomics 35, 285-292. [ Links ]
Corbier, M., 2005, 'Coinage, society and economy', in A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey & A. Cameron (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. 12.2, The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, pp. 397-439, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Cribiore, R., 1996, Writing, teachers, and students in Graeco-Roman Egypt, Scholars Press, Atlanta. [ Links ]
Cribiore, R., 2001, Gymnastics of the mind: Greek education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, Princeton University Press, Princeton. [ Links ]
Dionisotti, A.C., 1982, 'From Ausonius' schooldays? A schoolbook and its relatives', Journal of Roman Studies 72, 83-125. [ Links ]
Dixon, R.A., Kurzman, D. & Friesen, I.C., 1993, 'Handwriting performance in younger and older adults: Age, familiarity, and practice effects', Psychology and Aging 8(3), 360-370. [ Links ]
Dorandi, T., 1991, 'Den Autoren über die Schulter geschaut: Arbeitsweise und Autographie bei den antiken Schriftstellern', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 87, 11-33. [ Links ]
Dorandi, T., 1993, 'Zwischen Autographie und Diktat: Momente der Textualität in der antiken Welt', in W. Kullmann & J. Althoff (eds.), Vermittlung und Tradierung von Wissen in der griechischen Kultur, ScriptOralia, vol. 61, pp. 71-83, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen. [ Links ]
Drexhage, H.-J., 1991, Preise, Mieten/Pachten, Kosten und Löhne im römischen Ägypten bis zum Regierungsantritt Diokletians, Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, St. Katharinen. [ Links ]
Drinkwater, J., 2005, 'Maximinus to Diocletian and the "crisis"', in A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey & A. Cameron (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. 12.2, The crisis of empire, A.D. 193 -337, pp. 28-66, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Duncan-Jones, R., 1994, Money and government in the Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Fitzgerald, W.C., 2000, Slavery and the Roman literary imagination, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Forbes, C.A., 1955, 'The education and training of slaves in antiquity', Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 86, 321-360. [ Links ]
Giovè Marchioli, N. & Menci, G., 1998, 'Tachygraphie', in H. Cancik & H. Schneider (Hrsg.), Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike, Altertum, vol. 11, pp. 1205-1208, Verlag J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart. [ Links ]
Gould, J.D. & Boies, S.J., 1978, 'Writing, dictating, and speaking letters', Science 201(4361), 1145-1147. [ Links ]
Graser, E.R., 1940, 'The Edict of Diocletian on maximum prices', in T. Frank (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome: Vol. 5, Rome and Italy of the Empire, pp. 305-421, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. [ Links ]
Haines-Eitzen, K., 1998, 'Girls trained in beautiful writing: Female scribes in Roman antiquity and early Christianity', Journal of Early Christian Studies 6(4), 629-646. [ Links ]
Haines-Eitzen, K., 2002, Guardians of letters: Literacy, power, and the transmission of early Christian literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [ Links ]
Hall, L.G.H., 1996, 'Hirtius and the Bellum Alexandrinum', Classical Quarterly 46(2), 411-415. [ Links ]
Hanson, A.E., 1991, 'Ancient illiteracy', in J.H. Humphrey (ed.), Literacy in the Roman World, pp. 159-198, Journal of Roman Archaeology, suppl. ser., no. 3, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. [ Links ]
Harris, J.R., 1883a, 'Stichometry', American Journal of Philology 4(2), 133-157. [ Links ]
Harris, J.R., 1883b, 'Stichometry. Part II', American Journal of Philology 4(3), 309-331. [ Links ]
Harris, R., 2000, Rethinking writing, Athlone, London. [ Links ]
Harris, W.V., 1989, Ancient literacy, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. [ Links ]
Hartman, L., 1986, 'On reading others' letters', Harvard Theological Review 79, 137-146. [ Links ]
Hedrick, C.W. Jr., 2005, Ancient history: Monuments and documents, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. [ Links ]
Johnson, W.A., 2004, Bookrolls and scribes in Oxyrhynchus, University of Toronto Press, Toronto. [ Links ]
Joshel, S.R., 1992, 'Work, identity and legal status at Rome', in J.P. Hallett & M.B. Skinner (eds.), Roman Sexualities, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. [ Links ]
Kaster, R.A., 1983, 'Notes on "primary" and "secondary" schools in late antiquity', Transactions of the American Philological Association 113, 323-346. [ Links ]
Kenyon, F.G., 1899, The palaeography of Greek papyri, Clarendon, Oxford. [ Links ]
Lane Fox, R., 1994, 'Literacy and power in early Christianity', in A.K. Bowman & G. Woolf (eds.), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, pp. 126-148, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Lewis, N., 1974, Papyrus in classical antiquity, Clarendon, Oxford. [ Links ]
Mack, B.L., 1988, A myth of innocence: Mark and Christian origins, Fortress Press, Philadelphia. [ Links ]
Marcus, M., Gerr, F., Monteilh, C., Ortiz, D.J., Gentry, E., Cohen, S. et al, 2002, 'A prospective study of computer users, II: Postural risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders', American Journal of Industrial Medicine 41, 236-249. [ Links ]
McDermott, W.C., 1972, M. Cicero and M. Tiro, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 21(2), 259-286. [ Links ]
Meissner, B., 2000, 'Über Zweck und Anlaß von Diokletians Preisedikts', Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 49, 79-100. [ Links ]
Metzger, B.M., 1968, 'When did scribes begin to use writing desks?', in Historical and Literary Studies: Pagan, Jewish, and Christian, pp. 123-138, Brill, Leiden. [ Links ]
Metzger, B.M., 1981, Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An introduction to Greek palaeography, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [ Links ]
Metzger, B.M., 1987, The canon of the New Testament: Its origin, development, and signficiance, Clarendon Press, Oxford. [ Links ]
Milne, H.J.M., 1934, Greek shorthand manuals: Syllabary and commentary, Egypt Exploration Society, London. [ Links ]
Mohler, S.L., 1940, 'Slave education in the Roman Empire', Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 71, 262-280. [ Links ]
Morgan, T., 1998, Literate education in the Hellenistic and Roman worlds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Murphy-O'Connor, J., 1995, Paul the letter-writer: His world, his options, his skills, Liturgical Press, Collegeville. [ Links ]
Murphy-O'Connor, J., 2004, Paul: His story, Clarendon, Oxford. [ Links ]
O'Sullivan, P., Dankaerts, W., Burnett, A.F., Straker, L., Bargon, G. & Maloney, N., 2006, Lumbopelvic kinematics and trunk muscle activity during sitting on stable and unstable surfaces, Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 36, 19-25. [ Links ]
Ohly, K., 1928, Stichometrische Untersuchungen: Beiheft zum Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, vol. 61, Otto Harassowitz, Leipzig. [ Links ]
Parássoglou, G.M., 1979, 'Dexia; cei;r kai; govnou: some thoughts on the postures of the ancient Greeks and Romans when writing on papyrus rolls', Scrittura e Civiltà 3, 5-21. [ Links ]
Parássoglou, G.M., 1985, 'A roll upon his knees', Yale Classical Studies 28, 273-276. [ Links ]
Prior, M., 1989, Paul the letter-writer, JSNT, suppl. ser., Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. [ Links ]
Rempel, D.M., Krause, N., Goldberg, R., Benner, D., Hudes, M. & Goldner, G.U., 2006, 'A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of two workstation interventions on upper body pain and incident musculoskeletal disorders among computer operators', Occupational Environmental Medicine 63, 300-306. [ Links ]
Richards, E.R., 1991, The secretary in the letters of Paul, WUNT 2.42, Mohr, Tübingen. [ Links ]
'The shorthand congress', 1887, Science 10(246), 194-195. [ Links ]
Skeat, T.C., 1956, 'The use of dictation in ancient book-production', Proceedings of the British Academy 42, 179-208. [ Links ]
Skeat, T.C., 1995, 'Was papyrus regarded as "cheap" or "expensive" in the ancient world?', Aegyptus 75, 75-93. [ Links ]
Skeat, T.C., 2004, 'The length of the standard papyrus roll and the cost-advantage of the codex', in J.K. Elliott (ed.), The Collected Biblical writings of T.C. Skeat, pp. 65-70, Brill, Leiden. (Original work published 1982). [ Links ]
Small, J.P., 1997, Wax tablets of the mind: Cognitive studies of memory and literacy in classical antiquity, Routledge, London. [ Links ]
Stange, E., 1918, 'Diktierpausen in den Paulusbriefen', Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 18, 109-117. [ Links ]
Stowers, S.K., 1986, Letter writing in Greco-Roman antiquity, Westminster Press, Philadelphia. [ Links ]
Szaivert, W. & Wolters, R., 2005, Löhne, Preise, Werte: Quellen zur römischen Geldwirtschaft, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. [ Links ]
Teitler, H.C., 1985, Notarii and exceptores: An inquiry into role and significance of shorthand writers in the imperial and ecclesiastical bureaucracy of the Roman empire (from the early Principate to c. 450 A.D.), J.C. Gieben, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
Treggiari, S., 1969, Roman freedmen during the late Republic, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [ Links ]
Troll, D.A., 1990, 'The illiterate mode of written communication: The work of the medieval scribe', in R.L. Enos (ed.), Oral and written communication: Historical approaches, pp. 96-125, SAGE Publications, Newbury Park. [ Links ]
Turner, E.G., 1973, The papyrologist at work, Duke University, Durham. [ Links ]
Turner, E.G. & Parsons, P. J., 1987, Greek manuscripts of the ancient world, 2nd edn., Clarendon, Oxford. [ Links ]
Van Galen, G.P., 1991, 'Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory', Human Movement Science 10, 165-191. [ Links ]
Wainschenker, R., Doorn, J. & Castro, M., 2002, 'Quantitative values for perceptual notion of speech speed', Medical Engineering & Physics 24, 479-483. [ Links ]
Webb, R., 2001, 'The progymnasmata as practice', in Y.L. Too (ed.), Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 289-316, Brill, Leiden. [ Links ]
Woolf, G., 2000, 'Literacy', in A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey & D. Rathbone (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. 11, part 2. The High Empire, A.D. 70-192, 2nd edn., pp. 875-897, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Youtie, H.C., 1971a, 'ÍAgrammato-: An aspect of Greek society in Egypt', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 75, 160-176. [ Links ]
Youtie, H.C., 1971b, 'Bradew- grafwn: Between literacy and illiteracy', Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 12, 239-261. [ Links ]
Youtie, H.C., 1975a, 'Because they do not know letters', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 19, 101-108. [ Links ]
Youtie, H.C., 1975b, 'ïUpografeu-: The social impact of illiteracy in Greco-Roman Egypt', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17, 201-221. [ Links ]
Correspondence:
Pieter Botha
Department of New Testament and Early Christian Studies
UNISA
PO Box 392
Pretoria, Gauteng, 0003
South Africa
E-mail: bothapjj@unisa.ac.za
Received: 03 Aug. 2009
Accepted: 30 Sept. 2009
Published: 16 Dec. 2009