Serviços Personalizados
Artigo
Indicadores
Links relacionados
-
Citado por Google
-
Similares em Google
Compartilhar
Water SA
versão On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versão impressa ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.34 no.3 Pretoria Mar. 2008
Implementation of the TOPKAPI model in South Africa: Initial results from the Liebenbergsvlei catchment
Théo Vischel; Geoff Pegram; Scott Sinclair; Mohamed Parak*
Civil Engineering Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
ABSTRACT
Flash floods and droughts are of major concern in Southern Africa. Hydrologists and engineers have to assist decision makers to address the issue of forecasting and monitoring extreme events. For these purposes, hydrological models are useful tools to:
• Identify the dominant hydrological processes which influence the water balance and result in conditions of extreme water excess and/or deficit
• Assist in generating both short- and long-term hydrological forecasts for use by water resource managers.
In this study the physically-based and fully distributed hydrological TOPKAPI model (Liu and Todini, 2002),which has already been successfully applied in several countries in the world (Liu and Todini, 2002; Bartholomes and Todini, 2005; Liu et al., 2005; Martina et al., 2006), is applied in Africa for the first time. This paper contains the main theoretical and numerical components that have been integrated by the authors to model code and presents details of the application of the model in the Liebenbergsvlei catchment (4 625 km2) in South Africa.
The physical basis of the equations, the fine-scale representation of the spatial catchment features, the parsimonious parameterisation linked to field/catchment information, the good computation time performance, the modularity of the processes, the ease of use and finally the good results obtained in modelling the river discharges of Liebenbergsvlei catchment, make the TOPKAPI model a promising tool for hydrological modelling of catchments in South Africa.
Keywords: hydrology, physically distributed hydrological model, TOPKAPI, South Africa
"Full text available in PDF"
References
BARTHOLOMES J and TODINI E (2005) Coupling meteorological and hydrological model for flood forecasting. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (4) 333-346. [ Links ]
BEVEN K (1997) TOPMODEL: a critique. Hydrol. Process. 11 (9) 1069-1086. [ Links ]
BEVEN K and GERMANN P (1982) Macropores and waterflow in soils. Water Resour. Res. 18 1311-1325. [ Links ]
BROOKS RH and COREY AT (1964) Hydraulic properties of porous media. Hydrology Papers, No. 3. Colorado State University, Colorado, USA. [ Links ]
CHOW VT, MAIDMENT DR and MAYS LR (1988) Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York. [ Links ]
DLSI (1996) A Digital Elevation Model for South Africa. Directorate of Land Surveys and Information, South Africa. [ Links ]
DUNNE T (1978) Field studies of hillslope flow process. In: MJ Kirkby (ed.) Hillslope Hydrology. Wiley, New York. 227-293. [ Links ]
EVERSON COLIN (2007) Personal communication. Environmentek, CSIR, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. [ Links ]
GERALD CF and WHEATLEY PO (1994) Applied Numerical Analysis (6th edn.). Addison-Wesley, New York, USA. [ Links ]
GLCC (1997) Global Land Cover Characteristics. United States Geological Survey (USGS) http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc. [ Links ]
GRADSHTEYN IS and RYZHIK IM (1994) Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. Alan Jeffrey (ed.). Associated Press, New York, United States of America. 1204 pp. [ Links ]
JURY MR (2002) Economic Impacts of Climate Variability in South Africa and Development of Resource Prediction Models. J. Appl. Meteor. 41 46-55. [ Links ]
KLEINSCHMIDT I, SHARP BL, CLARKE GPY, CURTIS B and FRASER C (2001) Use of generalized linear mixed models in the spatial analysis of small-area malaria incidence rates in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1531 213-221. [ Links ]
LIU Z and TODINI E (2002) Towards a comprehensive physically-based rainfall-runoff model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6 (5) 859-881. [ Links ]
LIU Z, MARIO LV and TODINI E (2005) Flood forecasting using a fully distributed model: application of the TOPKAPI model to the Upper Xixian catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 9 347-364. [ Links ]
MAIDMENT DR (1993) Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York. [ Links ]
MARK DM (1988) Modelling geomorphological systems (Chapter 4). In: MG Anderson (ed.) Network Models in Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., San Fransisco, USA. 73-97. [ Links ]
MARTINA MLV (2004) The Distributed Physically Based Modelling of the Rainfall-Runoff Process. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bologna, Italy. [ Links ]
MARTINA MLV, TODINI E and LIBRALON A (2006) A Bayesian decision approach to rainfall thresholds based flood warning. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 10 413-426. [ Links ]
McKENZIE RS and CRAIG AR (1999) Evaporation Losses from South African Rivers. WRC Report No.638/1/99. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
MERZ R and BLÖSCHL G (2004) Regionalisation of catchment model parameters. J. Hydrol. 287 95-123. [ Links ]
MIDGLEY DC, PITMAN WV and MIDDLETON BJ (1994) Surface Water Resources of South Africa 1990. WRC Report No. 298/2.2/94. [ Links ]
Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa NASH JE and SUTTCLIFF JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models Part I - A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol. 10 (3) 282-290. [ Links ]
PARAK M (2007) Flood Estimation for Roads, Bridges and Dams. M.Sc. Eng. Thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. [ Links ]
PYTHON (2008) http://www.python.org/ [ Links ]
PEGRAM GGS, NXUMALO N and SINCLAIR S (2006) Soil Moisture Mapping from Satellites. WRC Report No K8/598 on a consultancy to the Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
PEGRAM GGS, SINCLAIR S, PARAK M, SAKULSKI D and NXUMALO N (2007) National Flood Nowcasting System: Towards an integrated mitigation strategy. WRC Report No. 1429/1/06. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
SINCLAIR S, GGS PEGRAM and T VISCHEL (2007) Spatial conditioning of evapotranspiration potential for distributed hydrological modelling in Southern Africa. Proc. 13th SANCIAHS Symposium, September, Cape Town, South Africa. [ Links ]
SIRI (1987) Land Type Series. Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Soil and Irrigation Research Institute. Memoirs on the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
STRAHLER AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 38 913-920. [ Links ]
TARBOTON DG, BRAS RL and RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE I (1991) On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data. Hydrol. Process. 5 81-100. [ Links ]
TODINI E (1996) The ARNO rainfall-runoff model. J. Hydrol. 175 339-382. [ Links ]
USGS DEM (2006) http://eros.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30/hydro/index.html.. VIEUX BE, CUI Z and GAUR A (2004) Evaluation of a physics-based distributed hydrologic model for flood forecasting. J. Hydrol. 298 155 -177. [ Links ]
VISCHEL T, PEGRAM GGS, SINCLAIR S, WAGNER W and BARTSCH A (2008) Comparison of soil moisture fields estimated by catchment modelling and remote sensing: a case study in South Africa. Hydrol. and Earth Syst. Sci. 12 751-767. [ Links ]
WESSON SM and PEGRAM GGS (2006) Improved radar rainfall estimation at ground level. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 6 (3) 323-342. [ Links ]
Correspondence:
Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (UMR 5564)
38000 Grenoble, France
+33(0)4 76 82 70 89
Fax: +33(0)4 76 82 52 86
E-mail: theo.vischel@hmg.inpg.fr
Received 7 August 2007;
Accepted in revised form 15 April 2008.
* Now at: Jeffares and Green (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 13009, Cascades 3202, South Africa