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South African Dental Journal
versión On-line ISSN 0375-1562
versión impresa ISSN 0011-8516
S. Afr. dent. j. vol.75 no.10 Johannesburg nov. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no10a4
REVIEW
Fracture of endodontic instruments - Part 1: Literature review on factors that influence instrument breakage
M PillayI; M VorsterII; PJ van der VyverIII
IBChD (Pret), Dip Odont (Endo), MSc (Pret), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0003-1794-7834
II. Martin Vorster: BChD, PG Dip Dent (Endo), MSc (Pret), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0003-4470-1530
IIIBChD, PG Dip Dent (Endo), PG Dip Dent (Aesthet Dent), MSc, PhD (Pret), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0003-1951-6042
INTRODUCTION
Instrument fracture is a serious complication during endodontic treatment of teeth, having an adverse effect on the outcome of the nickel titanium (NiTi) treatment, especially if the fracture prevents apical access to the infected root canal. Despite the advent of NiTi files, the risk of fracture during the endodontic preparation of root canals, especially in severely curved canals, remains a serious concern. The fracture of NiTi files during preparation may result in a compromised prognosis for the tooth. In the presence of periapical lesions, instrument fracture may reduce the chances of successful healing.1
It is noticed clinically that when an instrument fractures in a root canal system, it is often associated with incomplete root canal obturation, ineffective coronal seal or poor definitive restorations (Figures 1 and 2). This further leads to micro-organisms penetrating the root canal system, indicating the development of a periapical lesion and treatment failure.2,3
Fractured endodontic instruments may include endodon-tic files, Gates-Glidden burs, lateral or finger spreaders or spiral fillers manufactured from stainless steel, NiTi or carbon steel.1 According to a limited number of studies, the fracture incidence of rotary NiTi files ranges from 0.4 to 5%,4,5 with the higher percentage representing fractures in molar teeth only.4 In a majority of cases instrument fracture results from incorrect use or overuse, occurring most frequently in the apical third of the root canal.6
Rotary NiTi files are known to fracture without any visible signs of deformation and potential fracture, compared to the evident warning signs seen in traditional stainless steel files.7
New studies indicate that instrument fracture has many variables, the most crucial being the clinician's skill.8 A study by Arens et al.9 reports that 0.9% of brand-new NiTi instruments fractured during their first use, conceivably due to a manufacturing defect or misuse.
As a result of their improved designs and cross-sections, endodontic instruments subjected to torsional and flex-ural loads may have an altered resistance to fracture.10,11 The low tensile strength and yield of NiTi instruments (compared to stainless steel instruments) results in a higher fracture risk at lower loads.12 Fracture incidence of rotary NiTi instruments is significantly influenced by the clinician's proficiency with instruments and the number of uses of the instrument.8,13
The success of endodontic treatment may be influenced by the fracture of NiTi files. The last decade has seen instrument manufacturers make modifications to NiTi alloy to reduce the incidence of instrument fracture. The removal of a fractured endodontic file is technically challenging and time intensive, hence it is crucial to limit the probability of instrument fracture.14
There are conflicting results from studies on the overall outcomes and successes of endodontic treatment when a fractured endodontic instrument is left within the root canal. A study by Spili et al.1 investigated the impact of instrument fracture on the outcome of endodontic treatment, and found that in certain cases whena fractured endodontic instrument remained in the tooth, there was no significant difference in the outcome of non-surgical root canal treatment and retreatment. However, the presence of a pre-operative periapical lesion was a more clinically significant prognostic indicator than a fractured instrument per se.
The fracture of endodontic rotary instruments can be broadly classified into two types: fractures due to cyclic fatigue and fractures due to torsional fatigue.15 Fatigue has been implicated as one of the key reasons for endodontic instrument fracture.16,17
Cyclic fatigue
Cyclic fatigue is a major cause of separation of NiTi rotary instruments during clinical use.16 Cyclic fatigue occurs because of tension-compression stress cycles at the point of maximum flexure.18 Cyclic fatigue resistance is measured either by the number of cycles to fracture or the time until fracture.19 The repeated extension and compression of an instrument in a curved canal may cause work hardening of the alloy, thereby creating cyclic fatigue and increased fracture risk.20
Cyclic fatigue fracture occurs fundamentally as a result of overuse of the NiTi alloy. Other potential factors that contribute to metal alloy fatigue include changes due to thermal expansion and contraction, as well as corrosion.21 Factors such as the alloy, kinematics, metallurgical properties and operational settings of the instrument contribute to cyclic fatigue resistance.22
New concepts and designs in NiTi alloys, including thermomechanical improvements, have improved their cyclic fatigue resistance.23 The cyclic fatigue resistance of a NiTi instrument is influenced by the metal mass of the file at the point of maximum stress24 as well as the anatomy of the root canal; the greater the canal curvature, the greater the cyclic fatigue.25 The cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary NiTi files decreases with increasing file diameters.8
Torsional fracture
Torsional fracture occurs when part of the instrument binds to the canal while the shank continues to rotate.26 The fracture occurs when the elastic limit of the alloy is exceeded. Instruments that fracture as a result of torsional stress exhibit signs of deformation such as twisting, unwinding and straightening.21
Instrument manufacturing processes, designs and protocols can improve resistance to cyclic stress, but not to torsional stress since it is more dependent on the operator.27 Torsional stresses are rapidly increased with the use of a large tapered endodontic instrument in a low-tapered, unprepared root canal.28 There is a high incidence of torsional fracture during the preparation of complex constricted root canals where the instrument is susceptible to increased torsional loads.15
Numerous studies have stated that NiTi instruments with lower metal mass and small cross-sectional areas usually have lower torsional strengths.29-31 Conventional NiTi files have a higher fracture risk when exposed to torsional stresses at lower cyclic fatigue levels. NiTi instruments which have been previously used have a high fracture risk as a result of their reduced torsional stress resistance.
Factors influencing fracture resistance
1. Design and manufacture
Instrument design and cross-section are crucial factors in the resistance to fracture when the instrument is subjected to torsional and flexural loads.10 NiTi instruments with a triangular cross-sectional geometry have been shown to possess better fatigue resistance than instruments with a square cross-section.32
Many methods such as heat treatment, electropolishing and alterations of the cross-section of files have been developed to prevent the fracture of NiTi rotary file instruments.33 The use of heat treatment to transform the alloy into an altered crystalline phase structure is a cost-effective method of manufacturing NiTi instruments with superior fatigue resistance and flexibility.34
M-Wire is composed of 508 Nitinol, thermomechanically treated under specific tensile stresses and temperatures.35 M-Wire instruments are manufactured by transforming NiTi wire in the austenite phase into the R-phase, a transitional phase during the transformation of martensite to austenite by heating and cooling.36
A study of the metallurgical characterisation of M-Wire found that it contains deformed and twinned martensite, R-Phase and austenite crystalline phases. The deformed and micro-twinned martensite is responsible for the increased strength of the M-Wire compared to the conventional super-elastic wire without martensitic structure.37
Numerous metallurgical laboratory techniques have demonstrated that M-Wire contains the austenite phase with small amounts of martensite and R-Phase, thus rendering M-Wire more flexible and resistant to cyclic fatigue than conventional NiTi files.38-40
Endodontic instruments manufactured with M-Wire exhibited better cyclic fatigue resistance than conventional NiTi alloys.38 The increased flexibility of M-Wire can be attributed to the presence of the martensitic phase and R-Phase. The elastic moduli of martensite and R-Phase have been reported to be lower than that of austenite.19
A study by Bonessio et al.41 found that M-Wire instruments demonstrated higher flexibility than conventional NiTi, which can prevent premature fracture of the instrument if there is excessive bending during rotation.
M-Wire was shown to be more flexible and harder than conventional NiTi wire, with superior physical and mechanical properties.35,42
In 2010, rotary NiTi instruments were developed using a proprietary thermal process called Controlled Memory (CM) technology.43 CM-Wire (DS Dental, Johnson City, TN) is an alloy manufactured using an unique thermo-mechanical treatment that controls the memory of the instrument, resulting in superior flexibility without the shape memory of conventional NiTi instruments.44
Studies have demonstrated that instruments manufactured with CM technology possess superior cyclic fatigue resistance and flexibility to conventional NiTi instruments, which can be attributed to their martensitic state.45,46
In a study comparing the cyclic fatigue properties of Proflexendo (Nexden, Houston, TX, USA), manufactured using CM-Wire, to Profile Vortex (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA) and ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) manufactured with M-Wire, the Proflexendo exhibited significantly greater cyclic fatigue resistance. The Proflexendo demonstrated almost 500% more resistance to cyclic fatigue than the M-Wire instruments.47
Galal48 evaluated the metallurgical effect on the mechanical behaviour of CM files, M-Wire files and R-phase files using finite element analysis. The study showed CM files to be more flexible and resistant to torsional stresses than M-Wire files.
A study by Shen et al.49 reports that the triangular and square design of a NiTi instrument made from CM-Wire demonstrated a significantly increased cyclic fatigue resistance. Thus, the design of the instrument should be considered, as it is an important factor in the fatigue life of an instrument.
The distinctive gold appearance of WaveOne Gold (Dent-sply Sirona) endodontic instruments is due to the heat treatment technology applied post-manufacture. The raw NiTi is heated and slowly cooled, a process which - the manufacturer claims - improves the strength and flexibility of the instruments.50
The heat treatment modifies the transformation temperatures (austenitic start and austenitic finish), resulting in increased strength and flexibility of the instrument.51 The proprietary heat treatment post-manufacture results in a two-stage Austenite-R Phase-Martensite transformation, creating an austenitic matrix with finely dispersed Ti3Ni4 precipitates.
The manufacturer claims that this process improves the flexibility and strength of gold wire instruments.50 WaveOne Gold, which is developed with post-machining heat treatment, exhibits greater flexibility and higher fatigue resistance than conventional NiTi and M-Wire.52
2. Operator experience
Operator experience is a factor that cannot be disregarded in the incidence of instrument fractures. Yared et al.53 and Yared and Kulkarini54 conclude that there is a greater incidence of file fracture with inexperienced and less-informed clinicians. This conclusion implies that with continued use of rotary instruments, a clinician develops an improved tactile awareness, allowing for the detection of an increase in the torsional resistance. The skill of the operator is a key factor in instrument fracture when instrument speed, sequence and canal morphology are kept constant.55
Numerous factors such as the design and manufacturing process, operator experience, number of uses, instrumentation technique and root canal anatomy have been implicated in the fracture of endodontic instruments.56
There is a perception that NiTi instruments fracture more often than stainless steel instruments. However, the fracture incidence is comparable when NiTi files are used injudiciously. Pre-emptive measures such as good technique, the experience of the clinician, case selection and limiting file re-use have been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of fractures.21
In numerous cases, the fracture of rotary NiTi endo-dontic instruments occurs as a result of excessive or improper use,15,57 highlighting the importance of education and training in rotary NiTi instrument use.6,58 A study by Mandel et al.56 evaluated the influence of the operator on ProFile (Dentsply Sirona) rotary NiTi instrument fracture. The results show that there were more file fractures during the initial 'learning' phase than in the 'application' phase. This highlights the necessity of proper training and education to establish competence in using the different NiTi file systems.
3. Number of uses
The most crucial factor leading to the fracture of an instrument is metal fatigue, representative of the number of cycles an instrument can resist under a certain load.27 The risk of instrument fracture is low when an experienced endodontist uses a new instrument. Re-using an instrument increases the risk of file separation. If the engine file is treated as a single-use file, the number of file fractures is low.59
In 2006, Plotino et al.60 reported a significant reduction in cyclic fatigue resistance between a new and a used file. The study also demonstrated that rotary instruments may be safely used multiple times; however, it must be noted that the instruments were operated by an experienced endodontist.
There are a few studies which suggest that rotary instruments can be re-used in up to ten canals.54 Other studies suggest that in certain cases such as complex, severely curved and calcified canals, the instruments should be selectively discarded after a single use.25,61 Arens et al.62 report a low fracture incidence rate of 0.9% in 786 new rotary NiTi instruments, which had only been used once in predominantly difficult cases in an endodontic practice.
It is recommended that endodontic instruments are used once only to reduce the chances of instrument fracture due to cyclic fatigue and eliminate cross-contamination. Another reason is the impossibility of ensuring complete cleaning and sterilisation of instruments, hence the possible presence of prion protein.63
4. Root canal anatomy
The success of endodontic therapy depends on thorough chemical and mechanical disinfection of the canals and the complete three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. Knowledge of the anatomy of the root canal system is essential,64 as its complicated individuality has a profound influence on the cyclic fatigue that instruments experience.30
Canal curvature is a crucial factor that affects instrument separation, with severe curvatures exerting greater stresses on instruments. An increase in the severity of the curve radius and angle around which an instrument rotates will reduce the lifespan of the instrument.65
The variable anatomy of C-shaped canal systems may lead to challenges in debridement and obturation of the canals.31 Canal geometry (e.g. angle, cross-sectional diameter and radius of the curvature) has an effect on the extent of stress an instrument experiences.66
5. Irrigation and lubricants
The success of endodontic treatment is based on effective shaping and disinfection of canals followed by three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system.67 Mechanical instrumentation of root canal systems alone cannot effectively disinfect them, regardless of the instruments used.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) can cause corrosion of NiTi instruments by removing nickel from the surface, causing micropitting.68 It is postulated that micro-structural defects can create areas of crack formation and stress concentrations, leading to weakening of the instrument surface.69
A study by Yguel-Henry and Von Stebut70 evaluating the effect of lubrication on the cutting efficiency of K-Files and Hedstrom files shows that 2.5% NaOCl and tap-water solutions gave greater cutting efficiency than dry conditions. Peters et al.71 evaluated the effects of lubrication on torque-generated simulated rotary root canal instrumentation using ProFile and ProTaper (Dentsply Sirona) instruments.
The results indicate that a paste type lubricant is less effective than aqueous solutions, showing undesirable effects when used with U-shaped cross-sectioned rotary instruments. A reduction in torque and force was observed when lubrication with aqueous solutions was used in root canals.
A 2006 study by Berutti et al.72 concludes that when NiTi rotary instruments are used in conjunction with NaOCl solutions in pulp chambers of teeth restored with alloys or metals possessing different electrochemical nobility values, galvanic corrosion can occur. This phenomenon may lead to pitting and crack formation, altering the integrity of the instrument and resulting in decreased resistance to fracture as a result of cyclic fatigue.
A study by Uslu et al.73 evaluated the effect of NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solutions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne (Dentsply Sirona and WaveOne Gold NiTi reciprocating files. The study showed that exposing WaveOne and WaveOne Gold files to NaOCl and EDTA solutions did not influence the cyclic fatigue resistance of the files.
6. Electrical endodontic motors
The type of electrical endodontic motor plays an influential role in the outcome achieved with endodontic instruments. Mechanical limitations of electric motors arise when converting the direction of rotation, resulting in acceleration and deceleration in both directions. It is crucial to select an appropriate electric motor for each type of file system.30
Low-torque or controlled-torque endodontic motors capable of individually adjusted torque limits for individual files reduce the risk of instrument fracture by keeping the file working below the limit of file elasticity, without exceeding the file-specific torque limit.
The auto-reverse function is a great safety feature; however, a certain amount of force is required to stop the rotation of the instrument, disengage it from the initial path and rotate it in the opposing direction. This force is stored within the instrument memory; hence with repeated activations of the auto-reverse function, more memory is stored, resulting in a reduction in the lifespan of the instrument.74
High-torque motors increase the risk of instrument fracture as the file-specific torque limit is often exceeded. The use of low-torque instrumentation demonstrated an increase in operators' tactile sensation and mental awareness of rotary instrumentation.75
7. Continuous rotary motion
The biggest challenge in using rotary NiTi instruments has been separating files during use, which can be attributed to their use in continuous rotation.76 Studies have demonstrated the advantages of NiTi rotary instruments over stainless steel hand instruments. Such advantages include improved preservation of the shape and curvature of the original canal anatomy, fewer catastrophic errors and reduced treatment time.5,77
A study by Gabel et al.78 demonstrates that the risk of instrument distortion and separation is four times greater at a rotational speed of 333.33rpm than at a speed of 167.67rpm. The risk of instrument fracture is reduced at lower rotational speeds; conversely, there is increased risk at higher rotational speeds.
The advent of rotary NiTi endodontic instruments has improved the efficiency of endodontic treatment with regard to accuracy, risk reduction and procedural time.13
A study by Da Frota et al.79 found that torsional resistance and cyclic fatigue were lower for instruments from continuous rotary systems than for those from reciprocating systems during instrumentation, irrespective of axial displacement.
8. Reciprocation motion
Reciprocating motion has been used for many years in endodontics.80 It can be defined as a repetitive backward-and-forward (clockwise (CW)/counter-clockwise (CCW)) movement which can be applied to endodontic instruments, or as an oscillating motion in which an instrument rotates in one direction, reverses direction, and then completes a full rotary cycle.81
In reciprocal motion, the degree of rotation differs in the CW and CCW directions. There is a higher degree of rotation in the CCW direction, which is the cutting direction, allowing for the progression of the instrument in the canal and dentine removal. There is a smaller degree of rotation in the CW direction, allowing for the instrument to unlock and safely move through the canal, hence reducing the risk of instrument separation.82
In reciprocating motion there is reduced risk of torsio-nal fracture, which can be attributed to the angle of the CCW rotation which is intended to be smaller than the elastic limit of the instrument.34 The key advantage of reciprocal motion is the reduced incidence of endodon tic mishaps through file separation, which can be attributed to avoiding constant dentinal over engagement. This movement minimises flexural and torsional stresses, improves canal-centring ability and decreases the taper lock of the file in the canal.83
In 2008, Yared84 stated that a root canal can be efficiently shaped with a single file used in a forward reciprocating motion. The technique involved the use of a single 08 K-File hand instrument and one F2 ProTaper Universal NiTi rotary instrument in reciprocating motion. This technique also increases the cyclic fatigue resistance of the file, reduces the number of instruments required and minimises possible contamination. An extended lifespan was recorded for NiTi instruments used in reciprocating motion.30
A study by Hamid et al.77 in a student clinic setting found NiTi reciprocating instruments to be superior to hybrid hand/NiTi rotary instruments in the reduction of treatment time, procedural errors and fracture incidence and the improvement of obturation length and taper. Shenouda et al.85 evaluated the fracture resistance of WaveOne Primary, ProTaper Universal F2 and One Shape files. The results show the One Shape file to possess a significantly greater fracture resistance than the WaveOne Primary and ProTaper Universal F2 files.
It is recommended that single-file reciprocating instruments are used in only two or three root canals, depending on the complexity of the canal anatomy. Hence, the cyclic fatigue test for reciprocating instruments is vital.86 In this study, the cyclic fatigue resistance to fracture of the WaveOne Gold and One Curve file systems were compared. The influence of glide path preparation prior to final canal instrumentation on the fracture rate and preparation times were evaluated and compared between the two systems. Final canal preparation times with the Primary WaveOne Gold and One Curve were also recorded.
The endurance limit of NiTi files may be defined as the level of torsional stress a file may be subjected to over infinite cycles without failure.87 Torsional deformation develops on the axis of the file each time the file cuts dentine in a root canal in a rotary motion. There are no structural changes, provided the torsional deformation does not exceed the limits of plastic deformation. However, if the repeated torsional deformation is accrued and exceeds the endurance limits, the instru ment will fracture due to torsional fatigue.
This mechanism of stress is supplementary to the cyclic fatigue that is created within a curved root canal. Partial or asymmetrical reciprocation is the movement where the angle of rotation is limited in the cutting verse under the endurance limit of the instrument in which the angle of rotation is higher in the cutting verse than that of the angle of rotation in the opposite non-cutting verse.88
Reciprocation offers many advantages over continuous rotation, such as a reduction of torsional and flexural stress on the instrument, reduced incidence of instruments binding to the canal walls, decreased risk of fracture and a reduction in the number of cycles during preparation of the root canal.89 A study by Rubio et al.90 shows that file systems with Gold-Wire alloys and reciprocating motion offer better resistance to cyclic fatigue than most of the continuous rotation systems evaluated in the study.
In 2010, You et al.91 analysed the lifespans of NiTi rotary instruments during preparation of extracted molars with curved root canals in continuous rotation and reciprocating motions. A sequence of ProTaper Universal SX, S1, S2, F1 and F2 files (Dentsply Sirona) were used in continuous rotation, while a ProTaper Universal F2 instrument was used in reciprocating motion. The study reports an extended lifespan for the ProTaper Universal F2 instrument used in reciprocating motion, which was safely negotiated to working length of the canals at least six times.
A literature review by Ferreira et al.92 finds the majority of studies suggest that reciprocating motion improves cyclic fatigue resistance better than continuous rotation, independent of other factors such as NiTi instrument design, the angle of curvature of the artificial canal and the speed of rotation. Kim et al.30 compared the Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating files with the Pro-Taper Universal F2 file in continuous rotation mode.
The results show that both reciprocating file systems demonstrate a significantly higher torsional and cyclic fatigue resistance than the ProTaper Universal F2 file. Topguoglu et al.93 determined that the Primary WaveOne Gold instrument exhibited greater cyclic fatigue resistance than the Primary WaveOne and Reciproc R25 instruments in artificial S-shaped canals. A study by De Deus et al.94 compared ProTaper Universal F2 instruments in forward reciprocating motion to continuous rotation, evaluating the cyclic fatigue resistance. The results show reciprocating movement to be better at reducing cyclic fatigue and extending the life of Pro-Taper Universal F2 instruments than continuous rotation.
Reciprocating movement is able to prevent constant torque and continuous rotary force on the root canal wall, thus reducing dentinal damage.95 There are inconsistent results in the literature regarding the efficacy of bacterial reduction and debris removal. The possibility of dentinal crack formation and debris extrusion during endodontic treatment with reciprocating instruments remains.96
In a study by Gavini et al.97 a fatigue test was performed using the Reciproc R25 (VDW) in reciprocating motion and continuous rotation, with the instruments used in reciprocating motion taking longer to fracture. It took the instruments in the reciprocating group 357.56 seconds to fracture compared to the instruments in the continuous rotation group, which took 163.27 seconds. You et al.91 used a ProTaper Universal F2 instrument in reciprocating motion and a sequence of ProTaper Universal SX, S1, S2, F1 and F2 files in continuous rotation during the endodontic preparation of curved root canals of extracted molar teeth. The lifespan of the files was then analysed, with an extended lifespan being reported for the reciprocating motion ProTaper Universal F2 file.
A study by Kwak et al.98 comparing students' and novice operators' acceptance of rotary and reciprocating NiTi systems found a greater preference for reciprocating files than continuous rotation systems, and for NiTi files over stainless steel files.
A study by De Deus et al.99 concludes that there is no causal relationship between dentinal microcrack formation and canal preparations with WaveOne, BioRaCe (FKG Dentaire, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and Reciproc (VDW) systems.
Wan et al.81 evaluated the cyclic fatigue resistance of four continuous rotation NiTi instruments, K3 (Sybron-Endo, Glendora, CA, USA), ProFile and GT Series X (Dentsply Sirona), and a reciprocating instrument, Safe-Sider (Essential Dental Systems, South Hackensack, NJ, USA) in curved artificial canals. The results show that SafeSider files have a longer lifespan than the continuous rotation instruments. A similar study compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne used with reciprocating motion to Twisted Files (SybronEndo) and ProTaper Universal files used in continuous rotation. The study found the WaveOne instrument to have a higher cyclic fatigue resistance as a result of the reciprocating motion.100
Rubini et al.101 evaluated the cyclic fatigue resistance of a size 40/04 HyFlex (Coltene/Whaledent AG, Altstatten, Switzerland) NiTi instrument used in both reciprocating motion and continuous rotation. The study found reciprocating motion improved cyclic fatigue resistance. Cunha et al.102 postulate that the low fracture incidence of WaveOne instruments may be attributed to the reciprocating motion, metallurgy and single-use nature of the file. They conclude that the incidence of file fracture when using the WaveOne reciprocating files is very low.
A study by Gambarini et al.23 compared the cyclic fatigue resistance between stainless steel K-Files used in a reciprocating motion and NiTi rotary PathFiles (Dentsply Sirona) in artificial curved canals. The aim of their study was to evaluate whether stainless steel instruments could benefit from a reciprocating motion and NiTi rotary PathFile instruments, during enlargement of the glide path, given that reciprocation can improve the fatigue resistance of NiTi instruments. The stainless steel K-Files used with the M4 hand piece (SybronEndo) showed a significantly greater resistance to cyclic fatigue than the NiTi rotary PathFiles.
9. Glide path
A glide path is a smooth radicular tunnel extending from the canal orifice to the radiographic canal terminus or exit as determined by an electronic apex locator.103 The creation of a glide path ensures a patent canal permitting the safe and effective use of rotary instruments.104
The objective of a glide path in canal preparation is to produce a canal diameter which is the same size as, or a size bigger than, the first rotary instrument introduced.104,105
Peters106 and Roland et al.107 state that performing coronal enlargement of the root canal can reduce the risk of instrument fracture. In 2003, Blum et al.108 suggested the creation of a glide path with small flexible stainless steel hand files to ensure sufficient space for the introduction of rotary instruments. Berutti et al.104 recommend the preparation of a glide path by manual preflaring of the canal prior to using NiTi rotary instruments.
Various techniques and instruments have been advocated for the glide path preparation, such as manual preparation with stainless steel K-Files, a combination of stainless steel K-Files and a reciprocating hand piece, the use of a smaller tapered motor-driven NiTi rotary instrument or the use of hand files followed by rotary NiTi glide path files.72,109-111
In teeth with severely curved or constricted canals, using hand files has been shown to be more time-consuming.112 A study in 2009 by Berutti et al.113 demonstrates that glide path preparation with hand files created unwanted modification of the canal curvature and more irregularities than did preparation with rotary PathFiles (Dentsply Sirona).
In 2013, Cassim and Van der Vyver114 concluded that rotary file systems performed better than stainless steel K-Files in a reciprocating hand piece, which in turn performed better than stainless-steel K-Files used by hand only. Once established, successful glide path preparation can reduce torsional stresses and increase the lifespan of a rotary instrument by up to six times, thereby reducing fracture risk and costs.104
Patino et al.105 show that proper glide path preparation significantly reduces the incidence of instrument separation. A study by Vorster et al.115 shows that prior glide path preparation significantly reduces the final canal shaping time when the Primary WaveOne Gold file is used, compared to a group where no prior glide path was prepared before final canal shaping.
The preparation of a glide path prior to the introduction of a greater tapered instrument with a large tip diameter is advocated when using NiTi rotary instruments, as it reduces the occurrence of both types of fracture.116,117 The presence of a glide path allows the instrument to function under less torsional stress, with reduced risk of canal transportation. Glide path preparation with rotary instruments is faster, with less debris extrusion, than preparation with hand instru-ments.115,118,119
CASE REPORT
A 58-year-old male presented with a history of a fractured instrument in the mesio-buccal root canal of his mandibular left first molar. A periapical radiograph confirmed a fractured file located in the midroot region of the root (Figure 3a). A sagittal view of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) confirmed the location but demonstrated that the fragment was located just below the maximum curvature of the root canal system (Figure 3b). The mesio-lingual and mesio- and disto-buccal root canal systems were patent and could be negotiated to full working length (Figure 3c).
It was decided to use the EndoCowboy (Körhrer Medical Engineering) to extract the fractured file from the root canal (Figure 3d). Figure 3e depicts the coronal aspect of fractured fragment in the mesio-buccal root canal system under 12X magnification. A size 15 Endosonare file (Dentsply Sirona) mounted in a U-File holder (Endo Kit E12, NSK) driven by a Satelec P-5 ultrasonic Scaler (Satelec) was used to trough around and expose the coronal aspect of the fragment.
The EndoCowboy (Körhrer Medical Engineering), preloaded with the standard 0.12 mm wire in a 0.5 mm cannula, was introduced into the root canal, the preformed lasso was positioned around the separated instrument, the lasso closed and the fractured fragment (Figure 3f) extracted from the root canal using a pulling action. Figure 3g shows the final obturation result after treatment of all the root canal systems.
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Correspondence:
Martin Vorster
Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry
University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Email: martin.vorster@up.ac.za
Author contributions:
1 . Maheshan Pillay: Scientific writing and editing - 40%
2 . Martin Vorster: Scientific writing and editing - 30%
3 . Peet J van der Vyver: Scientific writing and editing - 30%