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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.109 n.4 Pretoria Apr. 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2019.v109i4.13845
IN PRACTICE
ISSUES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
The utility of hand-held mobile spirometer technology in a resource-constrained setting
E du PlessisI; F SwartII; D MareeII; J HeydenreichII; J van HeerdenIII; T M EsterhuizenIV; E M IrusenV; C F N KoegelenbergVI
IMB ChB; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
IINDip Clinical Technology (Pulmonology & Critical Care); Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
IIINDip Clinical Technology (Pulmonology); Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
IVMSc; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
VMB ChB, FCP (SA), FCCP, PhD; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
VIMB ChB, MMed (Int), FCP (SA), FRCP, Cert Pulm (SA), PhD; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mobile phone-linked spirometry technology has been designed specifically for evaluating lung function at primary care level. The Air-Smart Spirometer is the first mobile spirometer accepted in Europe for the screening of patients with chronic respiratory diseases
OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the accuracy of the device in measuring forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in a South African population, and to investigate the ability of the device to detect obstructive ventilatory impairment
METHODS: A total of 200 participants were randomly assigned to perform spirometry with either the mobile spirometer connected to a smartphone or the desktop spirometer first, followed by the other. The FEV1/FVC ratio as well as the absolute FEV1 and FVC measurements were compared, using each participant as their own control. A Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to measure the agreement between the two devices. We defined obstructive ventilatory impairment as FEV1/FVC <0.7 measured by desktop spirometry in order to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the Air-Smart Spirometer
RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the absolute FEV1 and FVC values and FEV1/FVC ratio measured with the mobile AirSmart Spirometer and more conventional pulmonary function testing, with r=0.951, r=0.955 and r=0.898, respectively. The Air-Smart Spirometer had a sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 74.4%, PPV of 73.0% and NPV of 97.8% for obstructive ventilatory impairment
CONCLUSIONS: The mobile Air-Smart Spirometer compared well with conventional spirometry, making it an attractive and potentially affordable tool for screening purposes in a primary care setting. Moreover, it had a high sensitivity and NPV for obstructive ventilatory impairment
Many southern African countries have undergone rapid demographic changes over the past decades, mainly attributable to urbanisation.[1] This demographic shift has led to a rise in non-communicable diseases against the background of a high prevalence of HIV infection and an alarming incidence of tuberculosis.[2] The concept of 'colliding epidemics' is of particular importance in South Africa (SA), where we are faced with several major epidemics including HIV, tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both from cigarette smoking and from pollution, all of which may impact significantly on respiratory health.[3,4]
Lack of access to appropriate surveillance tools such as spirometry poses a major barrier to diagnosis and appropriate treatment in patients with chronic respiratory ailments such as COPD and asthma in poorly resourced countries. Despite the high prevalence in the general population, obstructive airway diseases continue to be underdiagnosed.[5,6]
Formal spirometry forms an integral part of the diagnosis and management of patients with asthma and COPD and relies on a competent operator, accurate equipment, standardised operating procedures, quality control and patient co-operation as outlined in the South African guideline for office spirometry.[7]
Mobile phone-linked spirometry technology has been designed specifically for evaluating lung function at primary care level, allowing patients access to potential diagnosis, monitoring and treatment in ways that are currently not available in these settings.
Several mobile spirometers have been developed over the years, most of which have several limitations, including not displaying a flow/volume loop.[8-12] The Air-Smart Spirometer with a loop display is the first mobile spirometer accepted in Europe for the cost-effective screening of patients with chronic respiratory diseases.[13]
Objectives
To prospectively assess the accuracy of the Air-Smart Spirometer to measure forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in an SA population, and to investigate the ability of the device to reflect obstructive ventilatory impairment.
Methods
We conducted a prospective observational study at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, SA, in which 200 consecutive patients and healthy volunteers were invited to participate. The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University (ref. no. S18/02/034). Participants were randomly (1:1) assigned to spirometry either with the mobile spirometer connected to a smartphone or the desktop spirometer first, followed by the other. Pulmonary function tests were performed in accordance with the
current American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society and South African Thoracic Society guidelines.[7,13] Desktop FEV1 and FVC were measured with a Jaeger Master Screen (Becton Dickinson, USA), which was calibrated daily, and mobile spirometry was done with the Air-Smart Spirometer (Pond Health Care Innovations, Sweden) (Fig. 1) connected to a smartphone following on-screen prompts in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications.[14] The device has a turbine mechanism to perform measurements inside the disposable single-use nozzles. It does not require calibration, but parameters of age, sex and height are entered prior to spirometry.[14] To perform spirometry, participants were asked to perform forced exhalation of air into the turbine. This air turns a motor, and the device registers the speed of the rotor and in turn transfers the data to the smartphone application. When the patient initiates exhalation, a chronometer switches on and changes its colour from red to green after 6 seconds of exhalation.[14]
Comorbidities and demographic data (sex, age, height, weight and self-reported ethnicity) of the participants were documented. We subsequently compared the FEV1/FVC ratio as well as the absolute FEV1 and FVC measurements, using each participant as their own control. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistics, version 25 (IBM, USA). We considered a p-value <0.05 to be statistically significant. We did a Pearson correlation analysis to assess the strength of the linear relationship between the devices, but since correlation analysis does not detect bias, we conducted a Bland-Altman analysis[15] on all components of spirometry to assess the bias limits of agreement. We defined obstructive lung disease as an FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7 as measured by desktop spirometry in order to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the Air-Smart Spirometer.
Results
Comorbidities in the 200 participants (mean (standard deviation, SD) age 42.2 (21.3) years, n=83 males) included asthma (n=74), COPD (n=30), post-tuberculosis structural lung disease (n=18), bronchiectasis (n=14), lung masses (n=12), sarcoidosis (n=11), tuberculosis (n=6), interstitial lung disease (n=5), pulmonary hypertension (n=3), pleural effusions (n=3), pneumoconiosis (n=3) and previous pneumonectomy (n=2). Participants reported their race as mixed (n=140), white (n=41) and black African (n=19).
There was a strong correlation between the FEV1 measured with the devices, with r=0.951. (Fig. 2). The mean bias between the two devices was very close to 0 and not statistically significantly different from 0 (p=0.969). The 95% limits of agreement for the difference in FEV1 on the Bland-Altman plot (Fig. 3) were -35 mL to +35 mL. The plot shows a random distribution of the differences between the two devices with no specific pattern according to the mean of both devices and therefore no proportional bias present (β=-0.018, p=0.252).
For FVC we also observed a strong correlation, with r=0.955 (Fig. 4). The mean bias was -0.128 L, which was significantly different from 0 (p<0.001). The Bland-Altman plot (Fig. 5) displayed a random distribution with the limits of agreement calculated at -70 mL to +45 mL. There was a significant proportional bias (β=-0.045, p=0.039), which can be observed in Fig. 5 as a regression line that has a slight negative slope indicating that as the mean of the two devices increased, the differences became more negative.
The FEV1/FVC ratio measured with the Air-Smart Spirometer showed a strong correlation with the ratios obtained from standard spirometry, with r=0.898. The Air-Smart Spirometer had a sensitivity of 97.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90.8 - 99.6), specificity of 74.4% (95% CI 65.3 - 81.8), PPV of 73.0% (95% CI 63.6 - 80.8) and NPV of 97.8% (95% CI 91.4 - 99.6) for obstructive ventilatory impairment.
Discussion
We found a strong correlation between the absolute FEV1 and FVC values and the FEV1/FVC ratio measured with the Air-Smart Spirometer and conventional pulmonary function testing, with r=0.951, r=0.955 and r=0.898, respectively. Moreover, Bland-Altman analysis showed that while for FEV1 there was minimal bias, for FVC the bias was larger and statistically significantly different from 0, but not clinically significant, as differences of <100 mL are generally not considered significant. The Air-Smart Spirometer had a sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 74.4%, PPV of 73.0% and NPV of 97.8% for obstructive ventilatory impairment.
In a recent study by Ramos Hernandez et al.,[14] the utility of the Air-Smart Spirometer device to detect obstructive ventilatory impairment was tested in 200 patients (mean (SD) age 57 (14) years). Obstruction was detected by conventional spirometry in 73 patients (40.1%). Using an FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7 to detect obstruction with the Air-Smart Spirometer, the sensitivity was 90.4%, specificity 97.2%, PPV 95.7% and NPV 93.7% (compared with formal spirometry as the gold standard). The authors concluded that the device is simple, easy to use and accurate in detecting obstructive airway diseases.[14]
We observed a comparable sensitivity and NPV (making it an ideal screening test), but lower specificity and PPV.
We believe that our results have major implications for a resource-constrained healthcare system servicing a vast population, including rural areas. Many parts of Africa have poor accessibility to spirometers, and even when they are available, expertise in their proper maintenance, calibration, technical aspects and interpretation is limited. Mobile devices connected to smartphones or other devices may be a revolutionary advance in the early detection and screening of chronic pulmonary disorders in primary healthcare settings, and the onscreen prompts should enable nurses and other primary care providers to perform the tests with limited training. The linked smartphone also allows for data to be analysed off site, and despite some limitations may eventually aid in the better understanding of appropriate reference values in black African patients, which are currently lacking.[7,16] Moreover, it may streamline referral to tertiary centres with limited capacity.
Study limitations
Our study has some limitations, including the facts that both sets of tests were performed by qualified pulmonary function technologists and that our study population included a relatively small number of black African patients. Future studies should focus on inexperienced personnel, and what the impact on accuracy (if any) may be should the mobile Air-Smart Spirometer be used in a primary healthcare setting.
Conclusions
The mobile Air-Smart Spirometer compared well with more conventional spirometry, making it an attractive and potentially affordable tool for screening purposes in a primary care setting. Moreover, it has a high sensitivity and NPV for obstructive ventila-tory impairment.
Declaration. None.
Acknowledgements. We thank Sandoz South Africa for donating the Air-Smart Spirometer.
Author contributions. CFNK and EdP initiated the study, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors assisted with the study design and data collection, and edited the manuscript. EMI critically reviewed the data analysis and edited the final draft of the manuscript.
Funding. None.
Conflicts of interest. None.
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Correspondence:
E du Plessis
elanadup@icloud.com
Accepted 21 February 2019