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South African Journal of Occupational Therapy
On-line version ISSN 2310-3833
Print version ISSN 0038-2337
S. Afr. j. occup. ther. vol.46 n.1 Pretoria Apr. 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/2016/v46n1a14
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
An exploratory factor analysis into the applicability of the Spirituality Care-Giving Scale, the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale and the Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale to the South African context
Thuli G MthembuI; Nicolette V RomanII; Lisa WegnerIII
IBSc OT (UWC), MPH (UWC)- PhD candidate, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of the Western Cape
IIMACFS, PhD (UWC)- Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape
IIIBSc OT (Wits), MSc OT (UCT), PhD (UCT) Department of Occupational Therapy, University of the Western Cape
ABSTRACT
Spirituality and spiritual care are both considered as important elements of health sciences education; however, limited research has been conducted with occupational therapy students using spirituality scales. Therefore, this study assessed the internal consistency component of reliability and carried out factor analyses of three spirituality scales which examined the perceptions and attitudes of South African undergraduate occupational therapy students regarding spirituality and spiritual care. This study used a cross-sectional survey design using convenience sampling to recruit 100 participants. The internal consistency of the instruments evaluated showed satisfactory reliability: i.e. the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale (α=0.946), the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (α= 0.764) and the Spirituality in Occupational Therapy scale (α=0.868). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of Sampling Adequacy values was 0.862, 0.883, and 0.868 respectively, indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. Factor analysis from varimax rotated results was also performed to identify the patterns of spirituality and spiritual care within the instruments. The total variances of the instruments were acceptable at 59.1, 67.6 and 69.8% respectively. An implication of these findings is the possibility that exposing occupational therapy students to spirituality and spiritual care could be useful for them to gain insight into and be sensitive to the clients' spiritual needs. Further research should be undertaken in other institutions of higher learning that offer occupational therapy programmes.
Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis, reliability, spirituality, spiritual care, occupational therapy
INTRODUCTION
Factor analysis forms part of the statistical methods which play an important role in reducing data through assessing and identifying simple patterns of relationships between variables within a measurement1,2,3. According to Kayastha et al.2 and Venkaiah, et al.3, factor analysis attempts to ascertain whether observed variables can be explained in a smaller proportion of variables clustered in a set of measurements, which are then labelled as factors. Beavers et al.1 recommended that for the purpose of factor analysis - researchers should allow for a sufficient sample size, consider the difference between component analysis and common factor analysis as well as rotation of initial factor pattern matrix. Therefore, the role of factor analysis can be better understood when considering the need for spirituality and its importance and relevance to occupational therapy.
Spirituality in occupational therapy
Occupational therapy is a profession that considers holistic and patient-centred approaches in order to provide effective intervention to clients4. For instance, the holistic approach supports the occupational therapists' view of clients' needs as related to the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual spheres. However, most of the time the spiritual element of the holistic approach is neglected and not considered part of holism. Puchalski et al.5:646 defined spirituality as "a dynamic and intrinsic aspect of humanity through which persons seek ultimate meaning, purpose, and transcendence, and experience relationship to self, family, others, community, society, nature, and the significant or sacred. Spirituality is expressed through beliefs, values, traditions, and practices". Spirituality is thus an important aspect of holistic and patient-centred approaches in occupational therapy. This is also highlighted in the American Occupational Therapy Association's Occupational Therapy Practice Framework [OTPF] 6. The framework presents spirituality as one of three client factors together with values and beliefs, as well as body functions and body structures that contribute to the client's occupational performance.
Despite the fact that the OTPF acknowledges spirituality, there is no emphasis on how occupational therapy education should prepare students regarding spirituality. Several studies have highlighted that spirituality and spiritual care both play a significant role in clients' occupational performance and engagement, health, quality of life and well-being7-9. Numerous studies conducted with Canadian and American occupational therapists identified difficulties in addressing spirituality in occupational therapy practice'0'". These difficulties included procedural issues (i.e. whether to discuss spirituality, assessment, and application to treatment), guidance needed, and third party players not reimbursing for service. Some of the difficulties reported in those studies were found to be related to a lack of educational guidelines on how to incorporate spirituality into occupational therapy education and practice. This is consistent with Capeheart-Meningalll2who points out that there are challenges for universities to educate students holistically and indicated that spirituality is one of the most sensitive and potentially controversial topics. However, the author added that there are various outcomes related to spirituality including "empathy, understanding and caring for others, importance of reducing pain and suffering in the world, feeling a strong connection to all humanity, (and a) compassionate self-concept"1233. Therefore, numerous studies in occupational therapy suggested that both students and clinicians should be provided with an opportunity to explore and experience their own spirituality as part of self-awareness and self-reflection in the occupational therapy education and practice5,13,14.
South Africa is a spiritually diversified country7,15. Therefore, health care professionals need to be aware of, sensitive to and competent in understanding their clients'diverse spiritual needs. There is, however, limited knowledge and little research has been conducted on the instruments used to measure occupational therapy students' perceptions and attitudes regarding spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy in a South African context. Accordingly, the results of this study can contribute to the development of guidelines to integrate spirituality into occupational therapy education. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the internal consistency component of reliability of three spirituality scales used for spirituality and spiritual care. It also carried out a factor analysis of the perceptions and attitudes of undergraduate occupational therapy students regarding spirituality and spiritual care.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Spirituality and spiritual care are both an important part of teaching and learning in health sciences education. It has therefore become, and will continue to be, extremely important to understand spirituality and cultural diversity as well as to measure spirituality and spiritual care in theory and education.
Understanding of spirituality and cultural diversity in education
Spirituality and cultural diversity are both increasingly recognised as significant elements of health sciences education in order to provide effective patient care16-19. Cultural diversity is defined as a form of appreciating the differences among people including gender, sex, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation and social status. Accordingly, it was suggested that students should become adept and aware of patients' spirituality and culture while conducting assessments7. This is consistent with Hemphill's1612 assertions that "spiritual issues can be approached as an aspect of diversity and treated with the same respect as any personal issue". However, previous studies report that the inclusion of spiritual content into education is very limited in the institutions of higher education, which challenges acknowledgement of diversity and students' abilities to make internal connections18,19. Thus, Tisdell in Dalton19 suggest that educational institutions should acknowledge students' cognitive, affective, sociocultural and spiritual aspects in order to promote and facilitate transformation in a pluralistic society. This has resulted in a burgeoning need for integration of spirituality into occupational therapy education at all levels so that educational programmes will equip students with knowledge about society's spiritual needs. There are, however, no reliable and valid instruments to measure these concepts among occupational therapy students. Thus, three research instruments were reviewed regarding measuring spirituality and spiritual care including the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale (SCGS)20, the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS)21 and the Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale (SOTS)22.
Spiritual Care-Giving Scale (SCGS)
Tiew and Creedy20 conducted a quantitative study with 745 students aimed at developing and testing the Spirituality Care-Giving Scale (SCGS) that measured student nurses' perceptions towards spirituality and spiritual care in Singapore. The SCGS was found to be valid and reliable with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.96. Additionally, the findings from the SCGS might be used in preparation for continuous professional development to facilitate spiritual care20.
Furthermore, the SCGS can be used as a spiritual assessment prior introducing the topic of spirituality to obtain a baseline of students' perceptions and attitudes regarding spirituality in institutions of higher education to inform integration of spirituality in education. The SCGS includes five factors: (1) Attributes for Spiritual Care, (2) Spirituality Perspective, (3) Defining Spiritual Care, (4) Attitudes to Spiritual Care and (5) Spiritual Care Values.
Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS)
McSherry, Draper and Kendrick21 conducted a quantitative descriptive survey with 559 nurses in England using the SSCRS, to discover and explore nurses' understanding of, and attitudes towards, the concepts of spirituality and spiritual care. The findings of the SS-CRS21 reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.64 in this study. Additionally, the SSCRS may be used in the area of spiritual assessment for both education and practice in order to provide researchers with a framework to gain insight into spirituality and spiritual care. The SSCRS was designed specifically to explore nurses' beliefs and values and has four factors: (1) Spirituality; (2) Spiritual Care; (3) Religiosity; and (4) Personalised Care.
Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale (SOTS) Morris et al.'s22 study with 97 occupational therapists in the United States, described therapists'views related to spirituality in education, scope of practice, and knowledge of the newest version of the OTPF. The findings of this study indicated that the occupational therapists agreed that spirituality is an important component of human experience. In relation to SOTS, there was no report about the reliability and validity tests of the scale. The SOTS is a 20-item, 5-point, Likert-type questionnaire22 and is designed to examine occupational therapists' self-reported perceptions regarding: (1) Inclusion of spirituality in the OTPF, (2) Spirituality in practice, (3) Need for future educational opportunities and training to address spirituality, and (4) Clients' spiritual needs.
METHODS
A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional design was used for this study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 198 potential participants for the study of which only 103 participants from all years responded to the online questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to all participants via email in a form of a link developed using Google Forms and participants were consistently reminded about the study via email. However, three participants were excluded due to missing data on their responses. Therefore, the final sample comprised 100 undergraduate occupational therapy students. The participants managed to complete the online questionnaire in the computer laboratory within 30 minutes. The participants' responses were automatically entered onto a Google spreadsheet.
Measuring instruments
In this study, three of the research measurements were used for data collection process: the Spirituality Care-Giving Scale (SCGS)20, the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS)21 as well as the Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale (SOTS)22.
Spiritual Care-Giving Scale (SCGS)
The SCGS is a 35-item scale comprising five factors with a 6-point Likert scale, which was developed and tested to be valid and reliable with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.9620. Permission to use the SCGS questionnaire was obtained from Prof. L.H.Tiew.
Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS)
The SSCRS instrument is a 17-item, 5-point, Likert scale21 used to measure spirituality and spiritual care of nurses and students and was shown to have a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.6421. Permission to use the SSCRS questionnaire was obtained from Prof. W. McSherry.
Spirituality in Occupational Therapy Scale (SOTS) The SOTS is a 20-item, 5-point, Likert-type Scale22 used to measure spirituality in occupational therapy. The SOTS was designed specificalliy to examine occupational therapists' self-reported perceptions regarding spirituality. No reliability and validity studies have been reported22. Permission to use the SOTS questionnaire was obtained from Dr. D.N. Morris.
Data Analysis
Data were automatically tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet and imported into SPSS 22 for statistical analysis (SPSS, Inc., 2015). It is important that research instruments undergo psychometric testing for assessing the applicability and reliability of the scales23,24. Hence, this study used the Cronbach's coefficient alpha23 to analyse the internal consistency for each of the three scales.
This study also carried out a factor analysis of the perceptions and attitudes of undergraduate occupational therapy students regarding spirituality and spiritual care using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)1. In addition, the PCA was computed to extract factors and reduce the number of items to a smaller number to represent components. An orthogonal rotation1 was also computed using varimax to generate factor scores. Eigenvalues were used to retain all factors greater than one and factor loadings greater than 0.40. A scree test was used in conjunction with the eigenvalues to determine and control the number of factors to be retained after rotation25. There are two assumptions related to exploratory factor analysis: 1) the determinant should be more than .00001 in order to perform exploratory factor analysis, and 2) the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) value should be greater than 0.70 which indicates that sample size is adequate for factor analysis25.
Regarding the interpretation of the KMO values in a study1, it was suggested that researchers use the following guideline: 1) A KMO value range between 0.90 and 1.00 is considered as a degree of common variance of marvellous; 2) A KMO value range between 0.80 and 0.89 is considered meritorious; 3) A KMO value range between 0.70 and 0.79 is considered middling; 4) A KOM value range between 0.60 and 0.69 is mediocre; 5) A KMO value range between 0.50 to 0.59 is miserable and 6) KMO value between 0.00 and 0.49 means that factor analysis cannot be calculated.
Bartlett's test of sphericity was computed to test the correlations using chi-square and it was accepted at a statistically significant level of p<0.05.
Ethics
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Western Cape (ethical clearance registration: 14/4/18). Permission to conduct the study was granted by the Head of the Occupational Therapy Department. The participants consented to be part of the study and confidentiality was adhered to by using unique identity numbers to maintain anonymity.
RESULTS
Characteristics of participants
A total of 103 questionnaires were included in the data analysis; however, three of the 103 were discarded due to incompleteness leaving a total of 100 participants. The participants were predominantly females who accounted for 86% (n=89) and male 12% (n=12). The respondents' ages ranged from 18 to 33 years, with a mean of 2l.5±2.09 years. See Table I.
Internal consistency reliability of SCGS
Overall the internal reliability of the SCGS was α=0.946. Therefore, the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for factors of SCGS. The reliabilities ranged from α=0.155 to α=0.934. Additionally, Factor 1 (Attributes of spiritual care) of the SCGS had a good reliability of α=0.934, and Factor 5 (Spiritual Care Values) with α=0.155. The SCGS showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability.
Exploratory Factor Analysis: SCGS
The determinant value of the SCGS was 2.916, which indicated that the scale was worthy for the exploratory factor analysis and the KMO of the SCGS was .862within the range of 0.8 and 0.9. Therefore, the Barlett's test of 2504.556 indicated that the variables of the SCGS were correlated with a statistical significance of a p-value of <.000l. A scree plot of the eigenvalues indicated that five factors could be extracted from the data of SCGS (Figure 1 on page 76). The PCA revealed that the five factors had an eigenvalue higher than one (Table II). The factor analysis from varimax rotated test indicated that the variances of the factors were 21.7, 16.2, 9.7, 5.7, and 5.5% respectively. In total, the five-factor solution explained 59.1% of shared variance.
Internal consistency reliability of SSCRS
The internal consistency reliability of the SSCRS demonstrated a reliable measurement with a Cronbach's (α=0.764). The reliability coefficients of the SSCRS's factors ranged from α=0.270 to α=0.886. Factor 4 (Personalised Care) of this measurement obtained a lower reliability coefficient of α=0.270.
Exploratory Factor Analysis: SSCRS
The SSCRS analysis showed that the KMO accounted for 0.883; which indicated that the scale was creditable for anexploratory factor analysis as the samplesize of the study was large enough to support the analysis. The KMO value was within the range of between 0.8 and 0.9 indicating that the SSCRS was worthy for determining the factor analysis. Additionally, the items of the SSCRS were found to be statistically significant as the Barlett's test was 905.5l l with a p-value <0.000. A scree plot of the eigenvalues indicated that four factors could be extracted from the data of SSCRS (Figure 2). The PCA indicated that the four factors had an eigenvalue higher than one (Table III). Therefore, the factor analysis from the varimax rotated test showed that the variances of the four factors were 25.1, 22.0, 11.5, and 8.8% respectively. The four factors all together explained 67.6% of the variance.
Internal consistency reliability for SOTS
The internal consistency reliability of the SOTS was found to be α=0.868 which demonstrated a good reliability. The reliabilities of the factors ranged from α=0.565 to a=0.94l. Factor l (Inclusion of spirituality in the OTPF) of the SOTS scored higher than the other factors in the scale with a Cronbach alpha of (a=0.941).
Exploratory Factor Analysis: SOTS
From the analysis of the SOTS, it was found that the KMO was 0.808, which indicated that the SOTS was commendable for the exploratory factor analysis as the KMO was within range of 0.8 and 0.9.The Barlett's test of the SOTS was l372.997 indicating that there was a correlation among the items of the SOTS with statistical significance at a level of p-value of <0.000. Hence, a scree plot of the eigenvalues indicated that four factors could be extracted from the data of the SOTS (Figure 3). The PCA revealed that the four factors had an eigenvalue greater than one (Table IV). Therefore, the factor analysis from the varimax rotated test indicated that the variances of the factors were 27.3, 18.1, 17.3, and 7% respectively. In total, the four-factor solution explained 69.8% shared variance of the twenty items.
DISCUSSION
This appears to be the first study to assess the internal consistency component of the reliability of the research instruments and carry out a factor analysis of the perceptions and attitudes of undergraduate occupational therapy students regarding spirituality and spiritual care. Generally, the results of the study, with regard to the internal consistency component of reliability testing of the three research instruments, indicated that they were highly reliable to measure perceptions and attitudes about spirituality and spiritual care. The findings revealed that the component of reliability of the SCGS was Cronbach's alpha of (α= 0.94) which was very close to the Cronbach's alpha of 0.96 in the study by Tiew and Creedy20. The reliability results of the SSCRS in the current study showed Cronbach's alpha as 0.76, and were consistent with the study of Martins, Calderia and Pimentel9 which reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.76. The results of the present study were higher than that of a study by McSherry et al.21 which reported Cronbach's alpha of 0.64. The internal consistency component of reliability of the SOTS in the current study was 0.86, albeit, there was no reliability test performed for the SOTS in Morris et al.'s study22. It seems possible that these results are due to the fact that the participants perceived spirituality as a factor that influences clients' quality of life and occupational performance. This study provides realistic evidence to support the validity and reliability of the SOTS since it measures what it is supposed to measure regarding spirituality and spiritual care.
The findings indicated that the values of the Cronbach's alpha of the research instruments were high and this could suggest that the students who participated in the study had some knowledge about the importance of spirituality in occupational therapy. Therefore, this indicates that the content of the instruments was explicit and students could understand what was expected from them. Thus, these instruments may be used with other occupational therapy students in other institution of higher learning within the context of South Africa.
The current study planned to use one of the multivariate statistical methods such as factor analysis which is perceived as a complex methodology. Therefore, Beavers et al.1 provided various preconditions that researchers should consider prior to carrying out factor analysis including sample size, component analysis and common factor analysis as well as the need to rotate the initial factor pattern. These conditions assisted the researchers to interpret and provide meaningful solutions in order to make decisions about performing factor analysis. Therefore, the results of the present study met the preconditions suggested by Beavers et al.1. This study similarly achieved the assumptions suggested in Leech et al.25 that the KMO should be above 0.70 in order to interpret the findings. Hence, all the research instruments were within the range of 0.80 and 0.89 which Beavers et al.1 indicated was a meritorious degree of common variance. This suggested that factor analysis was an appropriate method for use in the study. For instance, the present total variances explained that in all of the variables together the scales accounted for these score: SCGS five factors explaining 59.1% of the total variability; SSCRS four factors explaining 67.6% and SOTS four factors explaining 69.8%. These variances of the SCGS, SSCRS and SOTS were all higher than 50% which indicated that the factors extracted were acceptable.
The results of this study indicate that the internal consistency of the Attributes of Spiritual Care (Factor 1) in SCGS was higher than that of a study by Tiew and Creedy20 with α = 0.93 versus α = 0.90 respectively. Therefore, this provides evidence with respect to spiritual care as the participants might have valued the importance of empathy, trusting relationship and self-awareness of own spirituality. The current findings add substantially to our understanding of the importance of spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy education. However, in this factor item 27 (Spiritual care should take into account of what patients think about spirituality) had a higher coefficient of 0.72, but in the study by Tiew and Creedy20 scored 0.6l8. The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests that client-centred and holistic approaches should be a priority regarding spirituality. This could mean that clients' autonomy should be respected at all times when considering spirituality. Thus, students should be educated that they may not impose their beliefs systems on their clients. This study has been unable to demonstrate similar factor loadings in comparison with the previous study20. For instance, only seven out of nineteen items were loaded with the same factor loadings when compared with the study by Tiew and Creedy20. In Factor 2: Spiritual Perspective, ten items were loaded, however, four of the items were similar to the previous study. This factor had a higher loading in item 7 compared to the study by Tiew and Creedy20(α = 0.689 versus α = 0.627). Regarding Factor 3 (Defining Spiritual Care), in this study, four items were loaded but they were completely different from those in the Tiew and Creedy20 study. The differences in the factor loading for this factor could be explained by understanding the contextual factor of the respondents such as racial beliefs, culture, and ethnicity. These support Janse van Rensburg et al.7 who reported that the South African population is multi-cultural, multi-religious and spiritually diversified. However, some of these contextual factors might make addressing spirituality challenging for the students. Factor 4 only had two items loaded which were different from the original study conducted by Tiew and Creedy20 which had six items.
The present findings of the study regarding factor analysis for SSCRS contrast with some of the factor loadings of previous research by McSherry et al.21. In SSCRS, Factor l (Spirituality), items in this factor were related to how the participants perceive spirituality. The issues included finding meaning in the good life, sense of hope in life, listening to patients and allowing patients' time to discuss. The present findings, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to occupational therapy education about the significance of spirituality in providing meaning and purpose. This is confirmed in the study by McSherry et al.21 which reported that life and existence were imperative in a holistic approach. Additionally, the findings of the present study are consistent with McSherry et al.2l concerning Factor 2 (Spiritual Care), indicating that occupational therapy students perceived kindness, and being cheerful as important elements of providing occupational therapy services. This corroborates with Rooyen's26 and Pentland and Mc-Coll's27 discussion that occupational therapy should be concerned with virtues of doing good, including care, compassion as well as kindness, and a humanistic approach. Factor 3 (Religiousity), in this factor loadings were completely different from the original study by McSherry et al.21. However, these loading differences may be explained by the diversity of occupational therapy students who participated in the study. The belief system of the students appears to be different from the previous study by McSherry et al.21, as in this study, it was found that students believed that spirituality includes morals, respect for privacy, dignity and religious and cultural beliefs of patients. Additionally, people's conduct of life was related to spirituality. This could mean that greater emphasis may be placed on teaching spirituality in order for all students to have debates about it. However, in Factor 4 (Personalised Care), this study had three variables loaded though they were different from McSherry et al.'s21 factor loadings.
This study provides realistic evidence to support SOTS as a tool to assess occupational therapy students' perceptions and attitudes regarding spirituality as an integral componentoftheir education. In SOTS, Factor 1 (Spirituality in the scope of practice) there were seven items loaded (l7, 20, l8, l4, l9, l6, 2). The factor loadings in this factor seemed to address important issues such as spirituality as a client factor, therapeutic goals, personal identity, human experience, quality of life and education. Additionally, this factor supports previous studies that reported that spirituality is unique to every individual8,2l. The current findings add to a growing body of literature on spirituality and the OTPF. These findings also enhance our understanding of why spirituality was incorporated in the OTPF. This could be explained by the fact that spirituality was perceived as part of quality of life, self-awareness and assists clients to set their goals. For instance, the AOTA6 included the spiritual dimension within the framework as an enabler to facilitate occupational performance. In Factor 2 (Spirituality in practice) there were seven variables loaded with highest scores which showed occupational therapy students' confidence about spirituality. However, these variables were more related to the role of spirituality in practice and professionalism. Thus, the factor name was changed based on the understanding of the loading. These variables include being confident in addressing spiritual needs, and awareness of assessments. The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of spirituality as an integral part of human experience which plays an important role in practice. This is supported by McColl' s28 explanation that spirituality is the bridge to health and occupation.
Regarding, Factor 3 (Formal education and training in spirituality), there were four variables loaded around this factor (l0, 6, 3, 5) which were concerned with aspects of education, responsibility and attentiveness to the needs of clients. The variables related to further education and workshops about spirituality obtained high scores. Importantly, the study's findings also demonstrate that there is, therefore, a definite need for greater emphasis to be placed on teaching undergraduate occupational therapy students about spirituality. Furthermore, this may need further research to develop guidelines for integrating spirituality in occupational therapy education. This also suggests that occupational therapists may need to have continuous professional development and workshops in relation to spirituality in order to understand clients' spiritual needs. These findings support the studies which reported that occupational therapy professionals and other healthcare professionals need to be aware of the clients' spiritual needs in order to refer the client to the relevant members of the interdisciplinary team7,15,29,30,31. Factor 4 (Clients' spiritual needs) had two variables related to spirituality which involve clients' and clinician responsibilities. These findings support the assertion of Hammel30, and Mthembu, Roman and Wegner32 that client-centred practice should enhance collaborative partnerships between occupational therapists and clients to promote autonomy, choice and control, as well as respect for clients' abilities.
Finally, two important limitations need to be considered. Firstly, the participants might have wished to please the researcher and answered accordingly. Secondly, there was a low response rate and the study was conducted in one occupational therapy department. Therefore, the results of the study may not be generalised to other students from other institutions of higher learning. Hence, it is recommended that further research be undertaken in other institutions of higher learning with occupational therapy programmes.
CONCLUSION
This study assessed the internal consistency component of reliability of three research instruments and carried out a factor analysis of the perceptions and attitudes of undergraduate occupational therapy students regarding spirituality and spiritual care. All spirituality scales (SCGS, SSCRS and SOTS) were found to be reliable, though some of the factor loadings were different from the previous studies that used the scales. These instruments could be used as part of workshops and seminars to collect baseline information about clinicians and students' perceptions and attitudes towards spirituality. The factor analysis was performed to extract various factors related to spirituality and spiritual care in occupational therapy using the three measurements. An implication of these findings is the possibility that exposing occupational therapy students to spirituality and spiritual care could be useful for them to have insight into and be sensitive to, the clients' spiritual needs. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest that these instruments may be used with other healthcare professionals as part of continuous professional development regarding spirituality. However, more research may be needed with other occupational therapy education programmes in South Africa for a larger, representative sample.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is based on the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa - Unique Grant No. 93992. Any opinion, finding and conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the author(s) and the NRF does not accept any liability in this regard. We acknowledge Prof W. McSherry, Prof LH Tiew and Prof DN Morris for their permission to use their research instruments.
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Correspondence:
Thuli Mthembu
tmthembu@uwc.ac.za